Introduction
A DOM‑based XSS cheat sheet is your go‑to reference when you want to locate, prevent and automate protection against client‑side script injection. In essence: identify where user‑controlled input (a source) flows into a dangerous API (a sink), replace it with safe patterns (use textoContenido, createElement, or sanitizers), and integrate checks into your build, runtime, and pentest workflow. Because DOM XSS happens entirely in the browser and bypasses many traditional server‑side filters, your front‑end becomes the last line of defence—and the place where most teams still lack automation.
What is DOM‑Based XSS and why it matters
According to PortSwigger, DOM‑based cross‑site scripting arises when “JavaScript takes data from an attacker‑controllable source, such as the URL, and passes it to a sink that supports dynamic code execution, such as eval() o innerHTML.” portswigger.net The OWASP DOM‑based XSS Prevention Cheat Sheet underlines that the key difference from stored/reflected XSS is runtime client‑side injection. cheatsheetseries.owasp.org+1
In modern applications — Single Page Apps (SPAs), heavy use of third‑party widgets, dynamic DOM building — the risk grows: payloads may never reach your server logs, traditional WAFs may miss them, and developers often insufficiently consider fragment identifiers, postMessage flows, or window.name, all common sources. Recognizing this shift is the first step toward measuring your security maturity.
Mapping the threat: sources → sinks
Secure coding begins with a mental map of sources (where attacker input enters) and sinks (where execution occurs). One security blog summarises: “The source is any place on a web page where user input can be added … The sink is where the data inserted in the source goes … and if not sanitized it can lead to a DOM‑based XSS vulnerability.” Medio
Below is a compact table you should keep at your workstation and in review checklists:
| Source (entry point) | Sink (dangerous API) |
|---|---|
| location.hash, location.search, URLSearchParams | innerHTML, insertAdjacentHTML, outerHTML |
| postMessage, window.name | eval(), new Function(), setTimeout(string) |
| document.referrer, localStorage, sessionStorage | setAttribute(‘on…’), element.src = … |
| Unvetted third‑party widget data | Any DOM insertion or implicit code execution |
As OWASP emphasises, no single technique prevents XSS: you must combine proper sinks, encoding, sanitization and safe APIs. cheatsheetseries.owasp.org
Real‑World Attack Patterns with Code & Fixes
Example A – jQuery selector injection via URL fragment
Vulnerable snippet:
js
$(window).on('hashchange', () => {
const target = $(location.hash); // user‑controlled
target[0].scrollIntoView();
});
An attacker may craft https://site/page.html#<img src="x" onerror="alert(1)"> — jQuery treats the hash as HTML/selector and the onerror triggers.
Fix:
js
const raw = location.hash.slice(1);
const safeId = /^[A-Za-z0-9_-]+$/.test(raw) ? raw : null;
if (safeId) {
const target = document.getElementById(safeId);
if (target) target.scrollIntoView();
}
Key: validate, treat hash as identifier not HTML.
Example B – postMessage → eval chain
Vulnerable snippet:
js
window.addEventListener('message', e => {
eval(e.data); // dangerous
});
Fixed version:
window.addEventListener('message', event => {
if (event.origin !== '<https://trusted.example.com>') return;
try {
const msg = JSON.parse(event.data);
handleMessage(msg);
} catch {
console.warn('Invalid message format');
}
});
Avoid evalúe, check origin, use safe parsing.
Example C – Editor/Preview XSS in markdown context
Vulnerable:
js
preview.innerHTML = marked(userInput);
Secure:
js
import DOMPurify from 'dompurify';
const dirty = marked(userInput);
const clean = DOMPurify.sanitize(dirty);
preview.innerHTML = clean;
When allowing user‑generated HTML, sanitization is required.
Deployable Implementations: making it operational
Safe DOM helper – safe‑dom.js
js
import DOMPurify from 'dompurify';
export function setSafeHTML(el, dirty) {
const clean = DOMPurify.sanitize(dirty, {
ALLOWED_TAGS: ['b','i','a','p','ul','li','code','pre','img'],
ALLOWED_ATTR: ['href','src','alt','title','rel'],
FORBID_ATTR: ['onerror','onclick','style']
});
el.innerHTML = clean;
}
export function setText(el, text) {
el.textContent = String(text ?? '');
}
export function safeSetAttribute(el, name, val) {
if (/^on/i.test(name)) throw new Error('Event handler attribute not allowed');
el.setAttribute(name, String(val));
}
Use this library to centralise safe DOM operations and reduce human error.
Static enforcement – ESLint sample
js
// .eslintrc.js
rules: {
'no-restricted-syntax': [
'error',
{ selector: "AssignmentExpression[left.property.name='innerHTML']", message: "Use safe-dom.setSafeHTML or textContent." },
{ selector: "CallExpression[callee.name='eval']", message: "Avoid eval()" },
{ selector: "CallExpression[callee.property.name='write']", message: "Avoid document.write()" }
]
}
Combine with pre‑commit hooks (husky, lint‑staged) to block dangerous patterns.
CI / Puppeteer test – GitHub Actions
.github/workflows/dom-xss.yml triggers a Puppeteer test:
// tests/puppeteer/dom-xss-test.js
js
const puppeteer = require('puppeteer');
(async ()=>{
const browser = await puppeteer.launch();
const page = await browser.newPage();
const logs = [];
page.on('console', msg => logs.push(msg.text()));
await page.goto(${URL}/page.html#<img src="x" onerror="console.log("xss")">);
await page.waitForTimeout(1000);
if (logs.some(l=>l.includes('XSS'))) process.exit(2);
await browser.close();
})();
Fail build on detection.
Runtime monitoring – MutationObserver
js
(function(){
const obs = new MutationObserver(muts=>{
muts.forEach(m=>{
m.addedNodes.forEach(n=>{
if(n.nodeType===1){
const html = n.innerHTML || '';
if(/on(error|click|load)|<script\\b/i.test(html)){
navigator.sendBeacon('/_monitoring/xss', JSON.stringify({
url: location.href, snippet: html.slice(0,200)
}));
}
}
});
});
});
obs.observe(document.documentElement, {childList:true, subtree:true});
})();
Useful in staging to alert unexpected DOM injections.
Browser security hardening – CSP & Trusted Types
CSP header:
pgsql
Content-Security-Policy: default-src 'self'; script‑src 'self' 'nonce‑XYZ'; object‑src 'none'; base-uri 'self';
Trusted Types snippet:
js
window.trustedTypes?.createPolicy('safePolicy', {
createHTML: s => { throw new Error('Direct HTML assignment blocked'); },
createScript: s => { throw new Error('Direct script creation blocked'); }
});
This denies untrusted sinks by default.
Third‑party script safety – SRI
bash
openssl dgst -sha384 -binary vendor.js | openssl base64 -A
Use <script src="vendor.js" integrity="sha384‑..." crossorigin="anonymous"></script> to pin and verify.
Integrating with Penligent for automation
If your team uses Penligent, you can elevate your DOM XSS protection into a continuous pipeline. Penligent’s research article notes how “detecting DOM‑based XSS via runtime taint tracking … serverside techniques cannot reliably catch client‑side injection.” Penligente
Example workflow:
- In CI trigger a Penligent scan with ruleset
dom‑xss, supplying payloads like#<img src="x" onerror="alert(1)">. - Penligent executes headless flows, generates PoC, returns findings via webhook.
- CI analyses findings: if severity ≥ high, fail build and annotate PR with payload + sink + fix recommendation (e.g., “replace
innerHTMLconsafe-dom.setSafeHTML). - Developers fix, run CI again, merge only when green.
This closes the loop: from reference (this cheat sheet) → code policy → automated detection → organized remediation.
Conclusión
The front‑end is no longer “just UI”. It is an attack surface. This cheat sheet walks you through understanding client‑side injection, replacing dangerous sinks, building safe helper libraries, deploying static/CI/runtime detection, and automating with a platform like Penligent. Your next steps: scan your codebase for banned sinks (innerHTML, evalúe), adopt a safe‑dom library, enforce lint rules, integrate headless tests and real pentest logic, monitor production/staging, and pin third‑party resources. Protecting DOM XSS is about making it impossible to slip through—not just relying on chance.
